In order to obtain the title of specialist and receive board certification, individuals must first receive an undergraduate degree, complete four years of veterinary school, and then receive advanced training during a one-year internship program. Board-certified doctors then participate in a three-year residency program completing specific training and caseload requirements under the supervision of other board-certified individuals, as well as doing research and publishing in scientific journals. Following this training, candidates must submit a credentials application and then pass a rigorous examination evaluating competence in the specific area of specialization. Once all credentials have been met, and the individual passes the exam, the status of board-certified specialist is given.